Meta & Fysikken: Afsnit 84: Helt på månen!
I dette afsnit tager vi en større omgang nyheder fra månen. Hvad sker der egentlig deroppe? Hvorfor er det vigtigt? Hvem er spillerne?
Her er Karina’s noter til dagens afsnit:
India’s Moon lander
Behold, some of the first glimpses of the Moon's surface from India's Chandrayaan-3 during lunar orbit insertion on August 5. 😍
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) says Chandrayaan-3 is now successfully orbiting the Moon. 👏👏
On August 23, it'll attempt to put a lander near the Moon's south pole. The view so far is absolutely stunning, and we can't wait to get a closer look. 🚀 📷: ISRO, Chandrayaan-3/X
https://www.sciencealert.com/india-is-about-to-attempt-its-first-ever-moon-landing
The moon lander can:
Gentle landing on the Moon
Seismic Activity - To investigate the interior of the Moon
Laser Retroreflector, to measure the distance to earth precisely
Composition of the surface
India and the Moon:
Chandrayaan-1, 2008: Shoot impacter at moon and analyze what is thrown in the air --> Water confirmed on the Moon
Chandrayaan-2, 2019: Land on Moon -- Failed / Contact lost and it crashed.
https://www.sciencealert.com/they-did-it-india-lands-at-lunar-south-pole-in-historic-first
23th of August: India is the 4th country to have a rover on the Moon ( Soviet Union, US, and China)
Moon South Pole why:
The south pole of the Moon is the area where nations are focused for future exploration. All of NASA's 13 candidate landing locations for the Artemis program are located near the south pole.
This area offers the greatest potential to find water ice, which could be used to support astronauts and to make rocket fuel. It also has peaks that are in constant or near-constant sunlight, which creates excellent opportunities for generating power to support lunar activities.
Hvilke grundstoffer er der på månen:
These in-situ measurements confirm the presence of Sulphur (S) in the region unambiguously, something that was not feasible by the instruments onboard the orbiters."
Preliminary analyses also hint at the presence of aluminum, iron, calcium, chromium, and titanium.
Further measurements have revealed the presence of manganese (Mn), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O),
https://www.sciencealert.com/an-expert-explains-why-indias-historic-moon-landing-is-so-important
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Other Lunar Missions currently in operation:
On Moon:
India's Rover
China's Chang'e-4 and Chang'e-5 landers are still operating on the Moon as well.
Russia's Luna-25 mission (crashed)
ispace (Japan private company, crashed April 2023)
In Orbit:
-NASA funded Capstone ( studying the stability of a unique orbit around the Moon)
-NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( collecting data about the Moon and mapping sites for future missions.)
-South Korea's Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter
-India's Chandrayaan-2 orbiter
Luna-25 slammed into the moon on Aug. 19 during a maneuver designed to set up its touchdown.
https://www.space.com/russia-luna-25-moon-crash-site-lro-photos
This mission was part of Roscosmos’ partnership with China to develop an International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) in the region by 2030
Upcoming Nov. 2023:
Intuitive Machines' Nova-C lander is scheduled to launch in November 2023. It will be the first mission of NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program, which aims to send a variety of payloads on the Moon.
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water generated at lunar surface
https://www.sciencealert.com/a-mysterious-hidden-force-is-generating-water-on-the-moon
We know there's ice on the Moon – what's less clear is where it came from. A new study suggests that waves of electrons, arriving indirectly from Earth and the Sun, are contributing to the formation of frozen water on the lunar surface.
Earlier studies pointed to hydrogen ions from solar winds generating water on the Moon, but it seems this water is still forming when the lunar surface is protected from solar winds, inside the magnetotail.
Other forces are at play, the researchers think – specifically, electrons. One of the ways this might happen is high-energy electrons reacting with the lunar soil, releasing trapped hydrogen that can then form water.
"In the magnetotail, there may be additional formation processes or new sources of water not directly associated with the implantation of solar wind protons," says Li. "In particular, radiation by high energy electrons exhibits similar effects as the solar wind protons."
TLDR: Solvinden skaber vand på månen (høj energi partikler reagerer med måne støv og frigiver H, som så kan danne vand.
Når månen er i Jordens skygge og ikke får Solvind, så for det plasma / en bunke elektroner, som har samme effekt.
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What is inside the Moon?
https://www.sciencealert.com/its-official-scientists-confirm-whats-inside-the-moon
A thorough investigation published back in May has found that the inner core of the Moon is, in fact, a solid ball with a density similar to that of iron.
And they found that the lunar core is very similar to that of Earth – with an outer fluid layer and a solid inner core. According to their modeling, the outer core has a radius of about 362 kilometers, and the inner core has a radius of about 258 kilometers. That's about 15 percent of the entire radius of the Moon.
We know not long after it formed, the Moon had a powerful magnetic field, which started to decline about 3.2 billion years ago. Such a magnetic field is generated by motion and convection in the core, so what the lunar core is made of is deeply relevant to how and why the magnetic field disappeared.
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Månen og dets magnetisme:
https://www.sciencealert.com/strange-magnetic-anomalies-on-the-moon-can-finally-be-explained
A new study led by geoscientist Zhuang Guo of the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Institute of Geochemistry could help us better understand unusually strong magnetic field readings that don't fit with other characteristics of the Moon.
Guo's team analyzed lunar soil returned to Earth in December 2020 by the Chang'e 5 probe, uncovering particles of a mineral known as magnetite, which is rarely seen in samples of Moon dirt.
The magnetite, a strongly magnetic iron ore, was found in sub-microscopic spherical iron-sulfide grains that resemble molten droplets. Further thermodynamic modeling suggests that the magnetite in these grains is the result of large impacts on the lunar surface.
Past research had suggested that meteorites could have injected ferromagnetic materials into the Moon's surface on impact, with the projectiles explaining at least some of the magnetic anomalies near impact sites.
This new study goes one step further, finding that the fury of those impacts might have also transformed materials into sub-microscopic magnetite, making them "an important source of ferromagnetic material on the lunar surface."
LTDR: Meteor nedslag er kilden til mikrospiske metalsplinter, som er kilden til extra magnetisme / uregelmaessige magnetfelter paa maanen